PDZK1 suppresses TNBC development and sensitizes TNBC cells to erlotinib via the EGFR pathway.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted drugs (erlotinib, etc.) are used to treat multiple types of tumours. EGFR is highly expressed in most triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. However, only a small proportion of TNBC patients benefit from EGFR-targeted drugs in clinical trials, and the resistance mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that PDZ domain containing 1 (PDZK1) is downregulated in erlotinib-resistant TNBC cells, suggesting that PDZK1 downregulation is related to erlotinib resistance in TNBC. PDZK1 binds to EGFR. Through this interaction, PDZK1 promotes EGFR degradation by enhancing the binding of EGFR to c-Cbl and inhibits EGFR phosphorylation by hindering EGFR dimerisation. We also found that PDZK1 is specifically downregulated in TNBC tissues and correlated with a poor prognosis in TNBC patients. In vitro and in vivo functional assays showed that PDZK1 suppressed TNBC development. Restoration of EGFR expression or kinase inhibitor treatment reversed the degree of cell malignancy induced by PDZK1 overexpression or knockdown, respectively. PDZK1 overexpression sensitised TNBC cells to erlotinib both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, PDZK1 is a significant prognostic factor for TNBC and a potential molecular therapeutic target for reversing erlotinib resistance in TNBC cells.

Updates on Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris: A Scoping Review.

Pityriasis rubra pilaris (PRP) is a rare, inflammatory papulosquamous skin disease with unknown exact etiology. Historically, PRP has been challenging to diagnose, especially during the acute phase, and to treat, due to its unclear pathogenesis. To better inform clinical practice, a literature review was conducted employing a broad search strategy to capture PRP-related published studies between January 1, 2012 to October 31, 2022. Two hundred twenty-one studies were identified, which were categorized into 9 themes: (1) potential causes and triggering factors, (2) comorbidities, (3) diagnostic difficulties, (4) genetics, (5) clinical manifestations and laboratory values, (6) treatment, (7) treatment-related adverse events, (8) quality of life, and (9) other. COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 vaccination, and malignancy were the most commonly reported potential triggering factors. Misdiagnosis is very common during the early acute stages. Pathogenesis and genetic studies have further implicated caspase recruitment domain family member 14 (CARD14) mutations in the development of familial PRP (Type V) and have underlined the overlap between psoriasis and PRP. To date, there are currently no specific and validated scoring systems or tools to assess the severity of PRP. While large, randomized trials are still lacking, biologic agents remain the most effective therapy.

Clinical Pharmacology Profile of AMG 119, the First Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) Cell Therapy Targeting Delta-Like Ligand 3 (DLL3), in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC).

With the promise of a potentially single-dose curative regimen, CAR-T cell therapies have brought a paradigm shift in the treatment and management of hematological malignancies with 6 approved products in the USA. However, there are no approved CAR-T cell therapies for solid tumors. Herein, we report the clinical pharmacology profile of AMG 119, the first CAR-T cell therapy targeting delta-like ligand 3 (DLL3), in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) small cell lung cancer (SCLC). AMG 119 demonstrated robust cellular expansion with long-lasting cell persistence and a favorable exposure-response relationship. AMG 119 has been demonstrated to be clinically safe and well tolerated at the doses tested, with no dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) reported. This is the first publication of the clinical pharmacology profile of a CAR-T cell therapy in SCLC, with encouraging cellular kinetics data supporting the potential for CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumor space.

Identifying Genetic Factors of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women with Epilepsy: A Whole-Genome Sequencing Study.

INTRODUCTION: Women with epilepsy (WWE) are more likely to develop reproductive endocrine disorders, especially polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to explore the genetic factors of PCOS in WWE in hope of improving individual precision diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: WWE registered at West China Hospital between January 2022 and October 2022 were enrolled in this study. Demographic and epilepsy-related characteristics were recorded, and blood samples were collected for hormones, glucose metabolism testing, and whole-genome sequencing. RESULTS: After sample sequencing, quality control, and variants selection, association analyses were performed. Pathway analysis was performed to identify involved biological pathways. The overall and PCOS "burden score" of each individual were calculated to count the deleterious variants. A total of 95 WWE were included in this study and 19 patients were diagnosed with PCOS. WWE with PCOS showed a significantly different hormone profiles and a tendency of impaired glucose metabolism. The most commonly associated genes were ZFYVE28, COL19A1, SIK3, ANKK1, PPIG, and REPIN1. The top 3 canonical pathways are adipogenesis pathway, epoxysqualene biosynthesis signaling, and glutamate degradation signaling. The most significant common variant was rs11914038 located in gene CELSR1 and rs651748 located in gene ZBTB16. In human gene connectome prioritizations, ITGA9, PNPLA2, and DAB2 are the top 3 genes having the shortest distance to known PCOS genes. CONCLUSION: Genetic factors involved in the abnormal regulation of glucose and insulin metabolism are likely to be associated with the comorbidity of PCOS in WWE. Interventions targeting these processes should be given more priority in clinical practice.

A common germline variant in CYP11B1 is associated with adverse clinical outcome of treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide.

Extragonadal androgens play a pivotal role in prostate cancer disease progression on androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSi), including abiraterone and enzalutamide. We aimed to investigate if germline variants in genes involved in extragonadal androgen synthesis contribute to resistance to ARSi and may predict clinical outcomes on ARSi. We included ARSi naive metastatic prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide and determined 18 germline variants in six genes involved in extragonadal androgen synthesis. Variants were tested in univariate and multivariable analysis for the relation with overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP) by Cox regression, and PSA response by logistic regression. A total of 275 patients were included. From the investigated genes CYP17A1, HSD3B1, CYP11B1, AKR1C3, SRD5A1 and SRD5A2, only rs4736349 in CYP11B1 in homozygous form (TT), present in 54 patients (20%), was related with a significantly worse OS (HR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.09 - 2.68, p = 0.019) and TTP (HR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.08 - 2.09, p = 0.016), and was related with a significantly less frequent PSA response (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.24 - 0.96, p = 0.038) on abiraterone or enzalutamide in a multivariable analysis. The frequent germline variant rs4736349 in CYP11B1 is, as homozygote, an independent negative prognostic factor for treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide in ARSi naive metastatic prostate cancer patients. Our findings warrant prospective investigation of this potentially important predictive biomarker.

Surface protein-retractive and redox-degradable mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles for enhanced cancer therapy.

Targeted delivery along with controlled drug release is considered crucial in development of a drug delivery system (DDS) for efficient cancer treatment. In this paper, we present a strategy to obtain such a DDS by utilizing disulfide-incorporated mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONs), which were engineered to minimize the surface interactions with proteins for better targeting and therapeutic performance. That is, after MONs were loaded with a chemodrug doxorubicin (DOX) through the inner pores, their outer surface was treated for conjugation to the glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fused cell-specific affibody (Afb) (GST-Afb). These particles exhibited prompt responsivity to the SS bond-dissociating glutathione (GSH), which resulted in considerable degradation of the initial particle morphology and DOX release. As the protein adsorption to the MON surface appeared largely reduced, their targeting ability with GSH-stimulated therapeutic activities was demonstrated in vitro by employing two kinds of the GST-Afb protein, which target human cancer cells with the surface membrane receptor, HER2 or EGFR. Compared with unmodified control particles, the presented results show that our system can significantly enhance cancer-therapeutic outcomes of the loaded drug, offering a promising way of designing a more efficacious DDS.

PLEK2 and IFI6, representing mesenchymal and immune-suppressive microenvironment, predicts resistance to neoadjuvant immunotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy has largely improved clinical outcome of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, a proportion of patients still fail to benefit. Thus, biomarkers predicting therapeutic resistance and underlying mechanism needs to be investigated. METHODS: Transcriptomic profiling was applied in FFPE tissues from 103 ESCC patients, including surgical samples from 66 treatment-naïve patients with long-term follow-up, and endoscopic biopsies from 37 local advanced ESCC cases receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy. Unsupervised clustering indicated an aggressive phenotype with mesenchymal character in 66 treatment-naïve samples. Univariant logistic regression was applied to identify candidate biomarkers potentially predicted resistance to neoadjuvant immunotherapy within the range of mesenchymal phenotype enriched genes. These biomarkers were further validated by immunohistochemistry. Putative mechanisms mediating immunotherapy resistance, as indicated by microenvironment and immune cell infiltration, were evaluated by transcriptomic data, and validated by multiplex immunofluorescence. RESULTS: PLEK2 and IFI6, highly expressed in mesenchymal phenotype, were identified as novel biomarkers relating to non-MPR in neoadjuvant immunotherapy cohort [PLEK2high, OR (95% CI): 2.15 (1.07-4.33), P = 0.032; IFI6high, OR (95% CI): 2.21 (1.16-4.23), P = 0.016). PLEK2high and IFI6 high ESCC patients (versus low expressed patients) further exhibit higher chance of non-major pathological remissions (90%, P = 0.004) in neoadjuvant immunotherapy cohort and high mortality (78.9%, P = 0.05), poor prognosis in retrospective cohort. PLEK2high/IFI6high ESCC recapitulated mesenchymal phenotype, characterized by extracellular matrix composition and matrix remodeling. In addition, PLEK2high or IFI6high ESCC displayed an immune-unfavored microenvironment, represented by positive correlating with regulatory T cells, Helper 2 T cell as well as less infiltration of B cells, effector T cells and mast cells. CONCLUSIONS: PLEK2 and IFI6 was discovered of first time to identify a distinct ESCC subpopulation cannot be benefited from neoadjuvant immunotherapy and present a poor survival, which putatively associated with mesenchymal and immune-suppressive microenvironment.

A Phase II Trial of Abiraterone With Dutasteride for Second-Generation Antiandrogen- and Chemotherapy-Naïve Patients With Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

The development of a novel therapy to overcome primary and acquired resistance to abiraterone is an unmet need. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding 5α-reductase inhibitor dutasteride to abiraterone, explore proof of concept, and identify candidates suitable for combination therapy. This phase II, single-arm, and open-label study enrolled second-generation antiandrogen- and chemotherapy-naïve patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Patients received abiraterone and prednisolone for 4 weeks, followed by adding dutasteride. The primary end point was a 50% prostate-specific antigen response rate. Serum concentrations of abiraterone and its metabolites as well as HSD3B1 and SRD5A2 genotypes were measured. The association between drug metabolism and genotypes and their impact on the efficacy of combination therapy were assessed. Among 21 patients, 18 (85.7%) achieved ≥50% PSA reduction. Median time to treatment failure was not reached during the median follow-up of 15.4 months. No patients experienced grade ≥3 adverse events. Although dutasteride reduced serum 3-keto-5α-abiraterone concentrations, higher serum 3-keto-5α-abiraterone concentrations on combination therapy were associated with a shorter time to treatment failure. HSD3B1 and SRD5A2 genotypes were associated with serum Δ4-abiraterone and 3-keto-5α-abiraterone concentrations before adding dutasteride, respectively. Time to treatment failure was longer in patients with homozygous wild-type HSD3B1, but comparable between those with the SRD5A2 genotype. The promising outcomes of this study warrant further investigation of combination therapy in a randomized trial. Stratification by HSD3B1 and SRD5A2 genetic profiles might identify patients suitable for combination therapy.

Impact of trough abiraterone level on adverse events in patients with prostate cancer treated with abiraterone acetate.

PURPOSE: We assessed the impact of plasma trough concentrations of abiraterone (ABI) and its metabolite Δ4-abiraterone (D4A) and related polymorphisms on adverse events (AEs) in patients with metastatic prostate cancer who received abiraterone acetate (AA). METHODS: This prospective study enrolled patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with AA between 2016 and 2021. Plasma trough concentrations of ABI and D4A were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. The impact of HSD3B1 rs1047303, SRD5A2 rs523349, and cytochrome P450 family 3A member 4 rs2242480 polymorphisms on plasma concentrations of ABI and D4A and the incidence of AEs were also assessed. RESULTS: In 68 patients treated with AA, the median ABI and D4A concentrations were 18.1 and 0.94 ng/mL, respectively. The high plasma trough concentration of ABI (≥ 20.6 ng/mL) was significantly associated with the presence of any AE and its independent risk factor based on multivariable analysis (odds ratio, 7.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.20-23.49). Additionally, a high plasma trough concentration of ABI was an independent risk factor of time to withdraw AA (hazard ratio, 4.89; 95% CI: 1.66-14.38). The risk alleles of three polymorphisms were not statistically associated with the ABI and D4A concentrations and the incidence of AEs. CONCLUSIONS: The plasma trough concentration of ABI is associated with the presence of AEs and treatment failure after AA administration. ABI concentration monitoring may be useful in patients with prostate cancer who received AA.

Treatment Options for Juvenile Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris.

Pityriasis rubra pilaris represents a group of familial and acquired disorders of cornification that affect both adult and pediatric patients. Treatment options are difficult to assess through clinical trials, given the rarity of the disorder and its tendency for spontaneous remission. Case reports and case series are therefore the primary means of assessment. Because of the heterogeneity of the disease, there is no universal approach to treatment, and multiple agents may need to be trialed to achieve disease control. At present, topicals are used for most pediatric patients, though monotherapy with topicals is only effective for less severe disease. Despite concerns over their side-effect profiles, oral retinoids are generally accepted as a first-line systemic therapy. However, interleukin-17 inhibitors and ustekinumab, an interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 inhibitor, may soon become first-line systemic treatment as well, given their efficacy and relative safety in trials thus far. Ustekinumab, in particular, is emerging as a first-line agent for patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris with CARD14 gene variations. When these therapies fail, second-line and adjunctive therapies to consider include tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors, methotrexate, and phototherapy. However, further investigation is necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of many of these agents in juvenile pityriasis rubra pilaris.

STRN-ALK Fusion in Lung Adenocarcinoma with Brain Metastasis Responded Well to Ensartinib: A Case Report.

STRN-ALK fusion is a rare ALK rearrangement identified in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Here, we reported a case of lung adenocarcinomas with brain metastasis, harboring STRN-ALK fusion, responded well to ensartinib. This case report could provide more information for the therapeutic strategy selecting of NSCLC patients harboring STRN-ALK fusion.

Successful treatment with ustekinumab in CARD14-associated papulosquamous eruption in a Brazilian child.

CARD14-associated papulosquamous eruption (CAPE) was proposed in 2018 to describe the clinical features of psoriasis and pityriasis rubra pilaris with CARD 14 mutations. We report a 5-month-old female infant who developed CAPE-associated erythroderma. Although she did not respond to conventional therapies, she responded well to ustekinumab treatment at the age of 4 years.

Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: A Review of the Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare severe variant of psoriasis that is characterized by the abrupt widespread onset of small pustules accompanied by systemic manifestations of inflammation. It can arise in patients with a history of psoriasis as well as in those without, sometimes due to medication initiation or withdrawal, pregnancy, or infection. Generalized pustular psoriasis is thought to be driven primarily by innate immunity and unrestrained IL-36 cytokine activity. Recent genetic analyses have identified 3 genetic mutations that are associated with GPP-IL36RN, CARD14, and AP1S3-though these mutations only account for a minority of cases. There are many cutaneous pustular diseases that must be ruled out in the evaluation of a patient with suspected GPP, especially acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), and histologic analysis is the cornerstone of diagnosis. Although the quality of evidence to generate treatment recommendations for GPP is limited, management often includes utilization of systemic agents and/or biologics, usually with adjunctive topical treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that biologic agents, especially infliximab, may be considered as first-line treatment of GPP, especially in severe acute cases, due to their abrupt onset of action and favorable side-effect profiles compared with oral systemic agents.

MG53 inhibits cellular proliferation and tumor progression in colorectal carcinoma.

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality after cardiovascular diseases in the United States. Chemotherapy is widely used to treat cancers. Since the development of drug resistance is a major contributor towards the failure of chemotherapeutic regimens, efforts have been made to develop novel inhibitors that can combat drug resistance and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Here we investigated the anti-cancer effects of MG53, a TRIM-family protein known for its membrane repair functions. We found that rhMG53 reduced cellular proliferation of both parental and ABCB1 overexpressing colorectal carcinoma cells. Exogenous rhMG53 protein entered SW620 and SW620/AD300 cells without altering the expression of ABCB1 protein. In a mouse SW620/AD300 xenograft model, the combination of rhMG53 and doxorubicin treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth without any apparent weight loss or hematological toxicity in the animals. Our data show that MG53 has anti-proliferative function on colorectal carcinoma, regardless of their nature to drug-resistance. This is important as it supports the broader value for rhMG53 as a potential adjuvant therapeutic to treat cancers even when drug-resistance develops.

An internalizing antibody targeting of cell surface GRP94 effectively suppresses tumor angiogenesis of colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the life-threatening malignancies worldwide. Thus, novel potential therapeutic targets and therapeutics for the treatment of CRC need to be identified to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with CRC. In this study, we found that glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94) is overexpressed in CRC tissues, and its high expression is correlated with increased microvessel density. Next, through phage display technology and consecutive in vitro functional isolations, we generated a novel human monoclonal antibody that specifically targets cell surface GRP94 and shows superior internalizing activity comparable to trastuzumab. We found that this antibody specifically inhibits endothelial cell tube formation and simultaneously promotes the downregulation of GRP94 expression on the endothelial cell surface. Finally, we demonstrated that this antibody effectively suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis of HCT116 human CRC cells without causing severe toxicity in vivo. Collectively, these findings suggest that cell surface GRP94 is a novel potential anti-angiogenic target in CRC and that antibody targeting of GRP94 on the endothelial cell surface is an effective strategy to suppress CRC tumor angiogenesis.

Pustular psoriasis of pregnancy: Clinical and genetic characteristics in a series of eight patients and review of the literature.

Pustular psoriasis of pregnancy (PPP) can lead to life-threatening complications. The objective of this study is to report clinical and genetic spectrum, prognostic factors and management options. A retrospective study was designed including eight PPP patients. Clinical data were collected, and performed genetic and statistical analysis to identify factors associated with fetal complications, resistance to treatment and post-partum flare extension. A systematic review of the literature was also carried out. Eight Tunisian patients, with a mean age of 23 ± 3.3 years, were included. They presented 14 flares (F) during pregnancies and one flare after delivery. Additional GPP flares outside pregnancy periods were noted in 2/8 of patients. The mean duration of PPP flares was 16.66 ± 7.8 weeks. The first flare occurred at a gestational age of 26 ± 5 weeks. Only 2/8 studied patients presented a homozygous mutation c.80 T > C (p.L27P) in IL36RN gene. Used treatments were topical steroids (n = 12F), systemic steroids (n = 5F), ciclosporin (n = 1F), UVB (n = 1F) and acitretin (in post-partum n = 6F). Complications were oligoamnios (n = 2), intra-uterine growth retardation (n = 1), fetal death in utero (n = 1), prematurity (n = 3), low weight at birth (n = 2). A significant association was found between (i) occurrence of fetal complications and early gestational age at the onset (p = 0.036), (ii) resistance to topical steroids and body surface affected area (p = 0.008), (iii) presence of mutation c.80 T > C in PPP flares and low serum levels of calcium (p = 0.01). Our systematic review of the literature identified 39 patients with 41 flares of PPP. Only 7/39 patients presented a causative mutation in IL36RN and CARD14 genes. PPP is characterized by a phenotypic heterogeneity and can be associated to IL36RN mutations. Its early onset can be associated with fetal complications. Systemic steroids and cyclosporine remain the most used therapies.

In PD-1+ human colon cancer cells NIVOLUMAB promotes survival and could protect tumor cells from conventional therapies.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly tumors worldwide. The majority of CRC is resistant to anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)-based cancer immunotherapy, with approximately 15% with high-microsatellite instability, high tumor mutation burden, and intratumoral lymphocytic infiltration. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 signaling was described in solid tumor cells. In melanoma, liver, and thyroid cancer cells, intrinsic PD-1 signaling activates oncogenic functions, while in lung cancer cells, it has a tumor suppressor effect. Our work aimed to evaluate the effects of the anti-PD-1 nivolumab (NIVO) on CRC cells. METHODS: In vitro NIVO-treated human colon cancer cells (HT29, HCT116, and LoVo) were evaluated for cell growth, chemo/radiotherapeutic sensitivity, apoptosis, and spheroid growth. Total RNA-seq was assessed in 6-24 hours NIVO-treated human colon cancer cells HT29 and HCT116 as compared with NIVO-treated PES43 human melanoma cells. In vivo mice carrying HT29 xenograft were intraperitoneally treated with NIVO, OXA (oxaliplatin), and NIVO+OXA, and the tumors were characterized for growth, apoptosis, and pERK1/2/pP38. Forty-eight human primary colon cancers were evaluated for PD-1 expression through immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In PD-1+ human colon cancer cells, intrinsic PD-1 signaling significantly decreased proliferation and promoted apoptosis. On the contrary, NIVO promoted proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and protected PD-1+ cells from chemo/radiotherapy. Transcriptional profile of NIVO-treated HT29 and HCT116 human colon cancer cells revealed downregulation of BATF2, DRAM1, FXYD3, IFIT3, MT-TN, and TNFRSF11A, and upregulation of CLK1, DCAF13, DNAJC2, MTHFD1L, PRPF3, PSMD7, and SCFD1; the opposite regulation was described in NIVO-treated human melanoma PES43 cells. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly enriched for interferon pathway, innate immune, cytokine-mediated signaling pathways. In vivo, NIVO promoted HT29 tumor growth, thus reducing OXA efficacy as revealed through significant Ki-67 increase, pERK1/2 and pP38 increase, and apoptotic cell reduction. Eleven out of 48 primary human colon cancer biopsies expressed PD-1 (22.9%). PD-1 expression is significantly associated with lower pT stage. CONCLUSIONS: In PD-1+ human colon cancer cells, NIVO activates tumor survival pathways and could protect tumor cells from conventional therapies.

IFI27 is a potential therapeutic target for HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: Therapeutic studies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection have become one of the important works in global public health. METHODS: Differential expression analysis was performed between HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) patients for GPL6947 and GPL10558 of GSE29429. Coexpression analysis of common genes with the same direction of differential expression identified modules. Module genes were subjected to enrichment analysis, Short Time-series Expression Miner (STEM) analysis, and PPI network analysis. The top 100 most connected genes in the PPI network were screened to construct the LASSO model, and AUC values were calculated to identify the key genes. Methylation modification of key genes were identified by the chAMP package. Differences in immune cell infiltration between HIV + and HIV- patients, as well as between antiretroviral therapy (ART) and HIV + patients, were calculated using ssGSEA. RESULTS: We obtained 3610 common genes, clustered into nine coexpression modules. Module genes were significantly enriched in interferon signalling, helper T-cell immunity, and HIF-1-signalling pathways. We screened out module genes with gradual changes in expression with increasing time from HIV enrolment using STEM software. We identified 12 significant genes through LASSO regression analysis, especially proteasome 20S subunit beta 8 (PSMB8) and interferon alpha inducible protein 27 (IFI27). The expression of PSMB8 and IFI27 were then detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Interestingly, IFI27 was also a persistently dysregulated gene identified by STEM. In addition, 10 of the key genes were identified to be modified by methylation. The significantly infiltrated immune cells in HIV + patients were restored after ART, and IFI27 was significantly associated with immune cells. CONCLUSION: The above results provided potential target genes for early diagnosis and treatment of HIV + patients. IFI27 may be associated with the progression of HIV infection and may be a powerful target for immunotherapy.

Utility of TMPRSS4 as a Prognostic Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target in Patients with Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Transmembrane serine protease 4 (TMPRSS4) belongs to the family of type II transmembrane serine proteases that are known to be upregulated in many malignant tumors. However, there is a paucity of studies documenting the clinical impact and biological effects of TMPRSS4 on gastric cancer (GC) patients who underwent surgery. METHODS: Tissues samples were obtained from 105 patients with GC who underwent gastrectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, excluding those at stage I. The expression of TMPRSS4 was examined through immunohistochemical analysis. The association between TMPRSS4 expression and clinico-pathological features as well as prognosis was assessed. Moreover, the effects of TMPRSS4 expression on cell migration and sensitivity to 5-FU were investigated. RESULTS: The expression rate of TMPRSS4 was 56.3% (59/105) in GC cases. The expression of TMPRSS4 was positively correlated with the depth of tumor (T) and venous (V) invasion. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates of the TMPRSS4-positive group was significantly lower than that of the TMPRSS4-negative group (p=0.0001 and p=0.005, respectively). Especially, there was significant differences in OS and RFS of patients with stage III cancer between the two groups (p=0.0064 and 0.012, respectively). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that TMPRSS4 expression and the stage of cancer were crucial prognostic factors for RFS. TMPRSS4-silenced GC cells exhibited increased sensitivity to 5-FU when compared with the non-specific control siRNA-transfected cells. CONCLUSION: TMPRSS4 can be considered as a potential prognostic biomarker, especially for stage III, and a promising therapeutic target for GC.

Multimodal Intralesional Therapy for Reshaping the Myeloid Compartment of Tumors Resistant to Anti-PD-L1 Therapy via IRF8 Expression.

Intralesional therapy is a promising approach for remodeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment while minimizing systemic toxicities. A combinatorial in situ immunomodulation (ISIM) regimen with intratumoral administration of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), local irradiation, and TLR3/CD40 stimulation induces and activates conventional type 1 dendritic cells in the tumor microenvironment and elicits de novo adaptive T cell immunity in poorly T cell-inflamed tumors. However, the impact of ISIM on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which may promote treatment resistance, remains unknown. In this study, we examined changes in the frequencies and heterogeneity of CD11b+Ly-6CloLy-6G+ polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs and CD11b+Ly-6ChiLy-6G- monocytic (M)-MDSCs in ISIM-treated tumors using mouse models of triple-negative breast cancer. We found that ISIM treatment decreased intratumoral PMN-MDSCs, but not M-MDSCs. Although the frequency of M-MDSCs remained unchanged, ISIM caused a substantial reduction of CX3CR1+ M-MDSCs that express F4/80. Importantly, these ISIM-induced changes in tumor-residing MDSCs were not observed in Batf3-/- mice. ISIM upregulated PD-L1 expression in both M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs and synergized with anti-PD-L1 therapy. Furthermore, ISIM increased the expression of IFN regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) in myeloid cells, a known negative regulator of MDSCs, indicating a potential mechanism by which ISIM decreases PMN-MDSC levels. Accordingly, ISIM-mediated reduction of PMN-MDSCs was not observed in mice with conditional deletion of IRF8 in myeloid cells. Altogether, these findings suggest that ISIM holds promise as a multimodal intralesional therapy to alter both lymphoid and myeloid compartments of highly aggressive poorly T cell-inflamed, myeloid-enriched tumors resistant to anti-PD-L1 therapy.